We don't recognize your username or password. Please try again. The work is protected by local and international copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. You have successfully signed out and will be required to sign back in should you need to download more resources. This title is out of print. Contemporary Engineering Economics, 5th Edition.
Park, Auburn University. Availability This title is out of print. Description Contemporary Engineering Economics is intended for undergraduate engineering students taking introductory engineering economics while appealing to the full range of engineering disciplines for which this course is often required: industrial, civil, mechanical, electrical, computer, aerospace, chemical, and manufacturing engineering, as well as engineering technology.
Preface Preface is available for download in PDF format. Pearson eText is a complete on-line version of the book that includes highlighting, note-taking, and search capabilities, includes live Excel links for key practice problems. A wide range of chapter openers, examples, homework problems, and case studies drawn from all Engineering disciplines. Chapter opening vignettes reflect the important segments of global economy in terms of variety and scope of business as well.
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Global surface temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlay long-term trends, and can temporarily mask or magnify them. An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from to , which was dubbed the global warming hiatus by the media and some scientists. Other changes emanate from so-called external forcings. These forcings are 'external' to the climate system, but not necessarily external to Earth.
Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to manmade increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variabilities and natural external forcings. So a key approach is to use physical models of the climate system to determine unique fingerprints for all potential external forcings. By comparing these fingerprints with the observed pattern and evolution of the climate change, and the observed evolution of the forcings, the causes of the observed changes can be determined.
Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from Earth to space. Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO 2 , methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in were 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents per year using the most recent global warming potentials over years from the AR5 report.
Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols — from volcanoes, plankton and human-made pollutants — reflect incoming sunlight, [71] cooling the climate.
In addition to their direct effect by scattering and absorbing solar radiation, aerosols have indirect effects on the Earth's radiation budget. Sulfate aerosols act as cloud condensation nuclei and thus lead to clouds that have more and smaller cloud droplets. These clouds reflect solar radiation more efficiently than clouds with fewer and larger droplets, a phenomenon known as the Twomey effect. Indirect effects of aerosols are the largest uncertainty in radiative forcing.
While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, if black carbon in soot falls on snow or ice, it can also increase global warming.
Not only does it increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise. As the Sun is Earth's primary energy source, changes in incoming sunlight directly affect the climate system. Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is the temperature changes at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere. While variations in solar activity have not produced recent global warming, variations in solar output over geologic time millions to billions of years ago are believed to have caused major changes in the earth's climate.
This changes climate by changing the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of incoming solar energy at the Earth's surface, [] resulting in periodic glacial and interglacial periods over the last few million years.
The response of the climate system to an initial forcing is increased by positive feedbacks and reduced by negative feedbacks. As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture. After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.
As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback. Cloud cover may change in the future. To date, cloud changes have had a cooling effect, with NASA estimating that aerosols produced by the burning of hydrocarbons have limited warming by half from to A concern is that positive feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.
A climate model is a representation of the physical, chemical and biological processes that affect the climate system. A subset of climate models add societal factors to a simple physical climate model. These models simulate how population, economic growth and energy use affect — and interact with — the physical climate.
With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future.
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